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02-40000-10
Original Effective Date: 10/15/99
Reviewed: 04/27/06
Revised: 05/15/06
Next Review: 04/26/07 Subject: Surgery for Clinically Severe Obesity (Bariatric Surgery; Gastric Bypass Surgery)
DESCRIPTION:
Clinically severe obesity is a result of persistent and uncontrollable weight gain that constitutes a present or potential threat to life. For purposes of this medical coverage guideline, clinically severe obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 35 kg/m2 or greater. See the height and weight tables for Men and Woman, BMI tables (100-195, 200-295, 300-400, and formula for calculating a BMI.
Several surgical (bariatric) procedures are used for the treatment of clinically severe obesity. These procedures can be categorized as follows:
<LI class=bulletedList-1>Malabsorptive procedures - alteration of the intestinal absorption limiting nutrients available to the body OR
Gastric restrictive procedures - reduction in the capacity of the stomach thereby limiting the amount of food ingested.
Gastric surgical procedures for the treatment of clinically severe obesity include:
<LI class=bulletedList-1>gastric bypass where approximately 90% of the stomach is bypassed and reattached to the proximal jejunum OR
gastric stapling, vertically banded gastric partition, or vertically banded gastroplasty where a proximal pouch of 30-60 ml and a one centimeter outlet are created by a row of vertical staples and a horizontally placed reinforcing band.
WHEN SERVICES ARE COVERED:
Effective January 1 2005, weight loss surgery is not covered for most contracts. Please refer to the individual member’s contract benefit language.
NOTE: The primary care physician must provide a letter with facts supporting medical necessity, for review by the Medical Director.
Certain surgical procedures performed for the treatment of clinically severe obesity may be considered medically necessary when ALL of the following conditions are met: The member:
<LI class=bulletedList-1>meets the above definition of clinically severe obesity, <LI class=bulletedList-1>has been severely obese for at least five (5) years, <LI class=bulletedList-1>has attempted a physician supervised (by the primary care physician) non-surgical management weight loss program (e.g., diet, exercise, drugs) for six (6) consecutive months <LI class=bulletedList-1>has received psychological or psychiatric evaluation with counseling as needed, prior to surgical intervention;
does not have a medically treatable cause for the obesity, (e.g., thyroid or other endocrine disorder).
The following procedures may be considered medically necessary when the above criteria has been met:
Vertical-Banded Gastroplasty (CPT code 43842)
Vertical-banded gastroplasty was formerly one of the most common gastric restrictive procedures performed in this country but has more recently declined in popularity. In this procedure, the stomach is segmented along its vertical axis. To create a durable reinforced and rate-limiting stoma at the distal end of the pouch, a plug of stomach is removed, and a propylene collar is placed through this hole and then stapled to itself. Because the normal flow of food is preserved, metabolic complications are uncommon. Complications include esophageal reflux, dilation, or obstruction of the stoma, with the latter 2 requiring reoperation. Dilation of the stoma is a common reason for weight regain. Vertical-banded gastroplasty may be performed using an open or laparoscopic approach.
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (CPT code 43644, 43846)
Gastric bypass may be performed with either an open or laparoscopic technique. The original gastric bypass surgeries were based on the observation that post-gastrectomy patients tended to lose weight. The current procedure involves a horizontal or vertical partition of the stomach in association with a Roux-en-Y procedure (i.e., a gastrojejunal anastomosis). Thus, the flow of food bypasses the duodenum and proximal small bowel. The procedure may also be associated with an unpleasant “dumping syndrome,” in which a large osmotic load delivered directly to the jejunum from the stomach produces abdominal pain OR vomiting. The dumping syndrome may further reduce intake, particularly in “sweets eaters”. Operative complications include leakage and marginal ulceration at the anastomotic site. Because the normal flow of food is disrupted, there are more metabolic complications compared to other gastric restrictive procedures. These complications may include iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B-12 deficiency, and hypocalcemia, all of which can be corrected by oral supplementation. Another concern is the ability to evaluate the “blind” bypassed portion of the stomach.
Long Limb Gastric Bypass (i.e., more than 100 cm) (CPT code 43847)
Recently, variations of gastric bypass procedures have been described, consisting primarily of long limb Roux-en-Y procedures, which vary in the length of the alimentary and common limbs. For example, the stomach may be divided with a long segment of the jejunum (instead of ileum) anastomosed to the proximal gastric stump, creating the alimentary limb. The remaining pancreaticobiliary limb, consisting of stomach remnant, duodenum, and length of proximal jejunum is then anastomosed to the ileum, creating a common limb of variable length in which the ingested food mixes with the pancreaticobiliary juices. While the long alimentary limb permits absorption of most nutrients, the short common limb primarily limits absorption of fats. The stomach may be bypassed in a variety of ways (i.e., either by resection or stapling along the horizontal or vertical axis). Unlike the traditional gastric bypass, which is essentially a gastric restrictive procedure, these very long limb Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses combine gastric restriction with some element of malabsorptive procedure, depending on the location of the anastomoses.
NOTE: Coverage of long limb Roux-en-Y procedures is limited to 150 cm. Adjustable gastric banding (i.e., Lap-Band Adjustable Gastric Banding System) (CPT code 43770, 43771, 43772, 43773, 43774)
Adjustable gastric banding involves placing a gastric band around the exterior of the stomach. The band is attached to a reservoir that is implanted subcutaneously in the rectus sheath. Injecting the reservoir with saline will alter the diameter of the gastric band; therefore, the rate- limiting stoma in the stomach can be progressively narrowed to induce greater weight loss, or expanded if complications develop. Because the stomach is not entered, the surgery and any revisions, if necessary, are relatively simple. Complications include slippage of the external band or band erosion through the gastric wall. Adjustable gastric banding has been widely used in Europe. Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved one such device for marketing in the United States, Lap-Band (BioEnterics, Carpentiera, CA). The labeled indications for this device are as follows:
"The Lap-Band system is indicated for use in weight reduction for severely obese patients with a body mass index (BMI) of at least 40 or a BMI of at least 35 with one or more severe comorbid conditions, or those who are 100 lbs or more over their estimated ideal weight according to the 1983 Metropolitan Life Insurance Tables (use the midpoint for medium frame). It is indicated for use only in severely obese adult patients who have failed more conservative weight-reduction alternatives, such as supervised diet, exercise and behavior modification programs. Patients who elect to have this surgery must make the commitment to accept significant changes in their eating habits for the rest of their lives."
Biliopancreatic Bypass with Duodenal Switch (43845)
The duodenal switch procedure is essentially a variant of the biliopancreatic bypass. However, instead of performing a distal gastrectomy, a “sleeve” gastrectomy is performed along the vertical axis of the stomach, preserving the pylorus and initial segment of the duodenum, which is then anastomosed to a segment of the ileum, similar to the above procedure, to create the alimentary limb. Preservation of the pyloric sphincter is designed to be more physiologic. The sleeve gastrectomy decreases the volume of the stomach and also decreases the parietal cell mass, with the intent of decreasing the incidence of ulcers at the duodenoileal anastomosis. However, the basic principle of the procedure is similar to that of the biliopancreatic bypass (i.e., producing selective malabsorption by limiting the food digestion and absorption to a short common ileal segment).
WHEN SERVICES ARE NOT COVERED:
Surgery for clinically severe obesity is not covered when these services are excluded from the member’s contract benefits.
Studies are needed to determine the long-term health outcomes of the following procedures, therefore the procedures listed below are considered investigational when performed for the treatment of clinically severe obesity:
Biliopancreatic Bypass Procedure (i.e., the Scopinaro procedure) (CPT code 43847)
Biliopancreatic bypass (BPB) procedure, developed and used extensively in Italy, was designed to address some of the drawbacks of the original intestinal bypass procedures that have been abandoned due to unacceptable metabolic complications. Many of the complications were thought to be related to bacterial overgrowth and toxin production in the blind, bypassed segment. In contrast, BPB consists of a subtotal gastrectomy and diversion of the biliopancreatic juices into the distal ileum by a long Roux-en-Y procedure.
This procedure consists of the following components:
<LI class=bulletedList-1>A distal gastrectomy functions to induce a temporary early satiety OR the dumping syndrome in the early postoperative period, both of which limit food intake <LI class=bulletedList-1>A 200-cm long “alimentary tract” consists of 200 cm of ileum connecting the stomach to a common distal segment <LI class=bulletedList-1>A 300- to 400-cm “biliary tract,” which connects the duodenum, jejunum, and remaining ileum to the common distal segment <LI class=bulletedList-1>A 50- to 100-cm “common tract,” where food from the alimentary tract mixes with biliopancreatic juices from the biliary tract. Food digestion and absorption, particularly of fats and starches, are therefore limited to this small segment of bowel (i.e., creating a selective malabsorption). The length of the common segment will influence the degree of malabsorption Because of the high incidence of cholelithiasis associated with the procedure, patients typically undergo an associated cholecystectomy. Many potential metabolic complications are related to biliopancreatic bypass, including most prominently iron deficiency anemia, protein malnutrition, hypocalcemia, and bone demineralization. Protein malnutrition may require treatment with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). In addition, there have been several case reports of liver failure resulting in death or liver transplant.
Mini-Gastric Bypass (no specific CPT code)
Recently, a variant of the gastric bypass, called the “mini-gastric bypass” has been popularized. Using a laparoscopic approach, the stomach is segmented, similar to a traditional gastric bypass, but instead of creating a Roux-en-Y anastomosis, the jejunum is anastomosed directly to the stomach, similar to a Billroth II procedure. This unique aspect of this procedure is not based on its laparoscopic approach, but rather the type of anastomosis used.
NOTE: CPT code 43846 does not accurately describe the mini-gastric bypass, since this CPT code explicitly describes a Roux-en-Y gastroenterostomy, which is not used in the mini-gastric bypass.
The following procedures reported as gastric bypass or gastroplasty are also considered investigational due to the lack of clinical studies to support effects on health outcomes:
<LI class=bulletedList-1>jejunoileal bypass <LI class=bulletedList-1>gastric wrapping Garren-Edwards gastric bubble.
BILLING/CODING INFORMATION:
CPT Coding:
43644
Laparoscopy, surgical, gastric restrictive procedure; with gastric bypass and Roux-en-Y gastroenterostomy (Roux limb 150 cm or less)
43645
Laparoscopy, surgical, gastric restrictive procedure; with gastric bypass and small intestine reconstruction to limit absorption (investigational)
43770
Laparoscopy, surgical, gastric restrictive procedure; placement of adjustable gastric band (gastric band and subcutaneous port components)
43771
Laparoscopy, surgical, gastric restrictive procedure; revision of adjustable gastric band component only
43772
Laparoscopy, surgical, gastric restrictive procedure; removal and replacement of adjustable gastric band component only
43773
Laparoscopy, surgical, gastric restrictive procedure; removal and replacement of adjustable gastric band component only
43774
Laparoscopy, surgical, gastric restrictive procedure; removal of adjustable gastric band and subcutaneous port components
43842
Gastric restrictive procedure, without gastric bypass, for morbid obesity; vertical-banded gastroplasty
43843
Gastric restrictive procedure, without gastric bypass, for morbid obesity; other than vertical-banded gastroplasty (investigational)
43845
Gastric restrictive procedure with partial gastrectomy, pylorus-preserving duodenoileostomy and ileoileostomy (50 to 100 cm common channel) to limit absorption (biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch)
43846
Gastric restrictive procedure, with gastric bypass for morbid obesity; with short limb (150 cm or less) Roux-en-Y gastroenterostomy (may be done laparoscopically)
43847
Gastric restrictive procedure, with gastric bypass for morbid obesity; with small intestine reconstruction to limit absorption (may be done laparoscopically)
There is no specific CPT or HCPCS code to report mini gastric bypass. A laparoscopic approach is used with the mini-gastric bypass. The stomach is segmented similar to a traditional gastric bypass; the jejunum is anastomosed directly to the stomach, similar to a Billroth II procedure. The mini gastric bypass is not based on its laparoscopic approach, but rather the type of anastomosis used. HCPCS Coding
S2083
Adjustment of gastric band diameter via subcutaneous port by injection or aspiration of saline
ICD-9 Diagnoses Codes That Support Medical Necessity:
278.01
Morbid obesity
REIMBURSEMENT INFORMATION:
Bariatric surgical procedures are limited to individuals 18 years and older and are reimbursed based on the procedure performed and not the surgical technique used (e.g., microsurgical, laser, laparoscopic). PROGRAM EXCEPTIONS:
Federal Employee Program (FEP): Follow FEP guidelines.
State Account Organization (SAO): Follow SAO guidelines. DEFINITIONS:
Biliopancreatic bypass: gastric restriction rerouting bile and pancreatic juice to the distal ileum.
Garren-Edwards gastric bubble: a free-floating intragastric device made of elastomeric plastic is placed in the stomach via a gastroscope, used for reducing stomach capacity.
Gastric wrapping: the stomach is folded over on itself and a full stomach wrap, i.e. polypropylene mesh, is applied to limit gastric volume.
Gastric banding: a synthetic band rather than staples is used to divide the stomach into a small upper pouch and a lower portion).
Gastric bubble: see definition of Garren-Edwards gastric bubble.
Jejunoileal bypass: shunts food from the jejunum into the ileum, bypassing the small intestine.
Morbid obesity: defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 40 kg/m2 or greater.
Satiety: the quality or state of being fed or gratified to or beyond capacity. RELATED GUIDELINES:
Gastric Bypass Revision, 02-40000-11 OTHER:
Other index terms for gastric surgery: Adjustable gastric banding
Bariatric surgery
Gastric bypass surgery
Lap-Band System
Mini gastric bypass
Billroth II
Long limb gastric bypass
Roux-en-Y
Scopinaro
Vertical banding
REFERENCES:
<LI value=1>All-plan survey (Blue Cross Blue Shield plans) <LI value=2>American Academy of Medicine CPT Coding (current edition) <LI value=3>Blue Cross Blue Shield Association TEC Evaluation (12/88), 2003 <LI value=4>Blue Cross Blue Shield Association TEC Special Report: The relationship between weight loss and changes in morbidity following bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. BCBSA TEC Assessment Program, 2003; 18:1-25 <LI value=5>Blue Cross Blue Shield Association-Surgery for Morbid Obesity (7.01.47), 12/14/05 <LI value=6>DeMaria, E J, Sugerman, H J, Meador, J G, et al. High Failure Rate After Laparoscopic Adjustable Silicone Gastric Banding for Treatment of Morbid Obesity. Annals of Surgery 2001:233:809-818 <LI value=7>First Coast Service Options (FCSO) Medical Policy - surgical Management of Morbid Obesity, LCD #L14600 (01/01/06) <LI value=8>Guidance for Treatment of Adult Obesity, American Obesity Assoc., 1998 <LI value=9>Hayes Medical Technology Directory - Laproscopic Bariatric Surgery - us.lapa0008.2005 (11/03; Update report 12/05) <LI value=10>Hayes Medical Technology Directory - Obesity Management, Surgical Approaches OBES0802.03 (10/99; updated 07/27/02; updated 04/04/03) <LI value=11>InterQual Care Planning Criteria: General Surgery; Weight Loss Surgery GS-23 (2003) <LI value=12>National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Gastrointestinal Surgery for Severe Obesity Statement (March 25-27, 1991) <LI value=13>Rutledge MD, Robert. “The Mini-Gastric Bypass: Experience with the First 1,274 Cases”; Obesity Surgery 2001; 11:276-280 <LI value=14>St. Anthony’s ICD-9-CM code book (current edition)
U.S. Food and Administration (FDA) Talk Paper, FDA Approves Implanted Stomach Band To Treat Severe Obesity, T01-26, 06/05/01
COMMITTEE APPROVAL:
This Medical Coverage Guideline (MCG) was approved by the BCBSF Medical Policy & Coverage Committee on 04/27/06. GUIDELINE UPDATE INFORMATION:
10/15/99
Medical Coverage Guideline developed.
09/15/01
Various revisions.
01/01/02
Coding changes.
10/15/02
Annual review. Added Roux-enY anastomosis or vertical-banded as covered services. Added biliopancreatic bypass with duodenal switch and very long limb gastric bypass procedure (e.g., greater than 100 cm) as non-covered services.
05/15/03
Revised to clarify coding of the various procedures; criteria revised and is consistent with Inter-Qual criteria.
09/15/03
Coverage criteria for psychological testing/counseling revised.
10/15/03
Reversed investigational status for CPT code 43847 and provided coverage criteria for long-limb Roux-en-Y procedures up to 150 cm.
01/01/04
Annual HCPCS coding update.
04/01/04
2nd Quarter HCPCS coding update; added S2082 and S2083.
07/15/04
Scheduled review; no changes.
01/01/05
HCPCS coding update. Added 43644, 43645, 43845, S2082, and S2083. Revised descriptor for 43846, and deleted S2085.
05/15/05
Unscheduled review of the non-covered statement for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (Lap-Band); coverage statement unchanged.
01/01/06
Annual HCPCS coding update (added 43770-43774; deleted S2082).
04/15/06
Scheduled review; removed investigational statement for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch; updated coding, index terms, and references.
05/15/06
Scheduled review; removed investigational statement for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch; updated coding, index terms, and references; added age limitation of 18 years and older.
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This medical coverage guideline is Copyright 2006, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Florida (BCBSF). All Rights Reserved. You may not copy or use this document or disclose its contents without the express written permission of BCBSF. The medical codes referenced in this document may be proprietary and owned by others. BCBSF makes no claim of ownership of such codes. Our use of such codes in this document is for explanation and guidance and should not be construed as a license for their use by you. Before utilizing the codes, please be sure that to the extent required, you have secured any appropriate licenses for such use. Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) is copyright 2006 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. No fee schedules, basic units, relative values, or related listings are included in CPT. The AMA assumes no liability for the data contained herein. Applicable FARS/DFARS restrictions apply to government use. CPT® is a trademark of the American Medical Association.